Karen Atkinson, of York House in Taunton, answers some common questions about blood pressure.

What is blood pressure?

Blood pressure is the pressure of blood in your arteries. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). Your blood pressure is recorded as two figures. For example, 150/95 mm Hg. This is said as 150 over 95.

• The top (first) number is the systolic pressure. This is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts.

• The bottom (second) number is the diastolic pressure.

This is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between each heartbeat.

What is high blood pressure/hypertension?

High blood pressure is a blood pressure that is 140/90 mm Hg or above each time it is taken at the GP surgery (or home or ambulatory readings always more than 135/85 mm Hg). That is, it is sustained at this level. High blood pressure can be: • A high systolic pressure – for example, 170/70 mm Hg.

• A high diastolic pressure – for example, 120/104 mm Hg.

• Or both – for example, 170/110 mm Hg.

However, it is not quite as simple as this. Depending on various factors, the level at which blood pressure is considered high enough to be treated with medication can vary from person to person.

Essential hypertension The pressure in the arteries depends on how hard the heart pumps, and how much resistance there is in the arteries. It is thought that slight narrowing of the arteries increases the resistance to blood flow, which increases the blood pressure. The cause of the slight narrowing of the arteries is not clear. Various factors probably contribute.

Secondary hypertension Medical problems, such as certain kidney or hormone conditions, can cause high blood pressure.

How can blood pressure be lowered?

1) Modifications to lifestyle Weight Losing some excess weight can make a big difference.

Blood pressure can fall by up to 2.5/1.5 mm Hg for each excess kilogram which is lost.

Regular physical activity If possible, aim to do some physical activity on five or more days of the week, for at least 30 minutes. For example, brisk walking, swimming, cycling, dancing, etc.

If you previously did little physical activity, and change to doing regular physical activity five times a week, it can reduce systolic blood pressure by 2-10 mm Hg.

Stress Management By identifying what causes you stress and learning how to manage it using meditation, mindfulness, yoga and breathing exercises blood pressure may be reduced.

Eat a healthy diet Briefly, this means: • At least five portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables per day.

• The bulk of most meals should be starch-based foods (such as cereals, wholegrain bread, potatoes, rice, pasta), plus fruit and vegetables.

• Reduce fatty foods.

• Include two to three portions of fish per week.

• Eat lean meat.

• Fry in vegetable oil.

• Reduce salt intake to 5-6g/day.

• Restrict caffeinated drinks to fewer than five per day.

Drink alcohol in moderation You should not drink more than the recommended amount, 14 units for women and 21 units for men per week.

2) Treatment with medication This is very specific advice and needs to be discussed with your GP or nurse.

For more support and advice on changes you can make which may help reduce blood pressure call 01823-323206.